Zhuge Liang (pronunciationⓘ) (181 – September or October 234),[a] also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese statesman, strategist and inventor who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184–220) and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280). During the Three Kingdoms period he served as Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death.[1] He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era. His reputation as an intelligent and cultured scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong" (both meaning "Sleeping Dragon"). Zhuge Liang's methods of administration drew both from Legalism[2] as well as Confucianism.[3] He was critical of the Legalist thought of Shang Yang,[4] and advocated benevolence and education as tenets of being a ruler.[5] He compared himself with Guan Zhong,[2] developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power.[6] He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei,[3] refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages.[7] Zhuge is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name. In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya, he had sculptures of ten famous historical military generals and strategists placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue: Zhuge Liang, Bai Qi, Han Xin, Li Jing, Li Shiji, Zhang Liang, Sima Rangju, Sun Tzu, Wu Qi and Yue Yi.[8]
