John Brown

John Brown (May 9, 1800 – December 2, 1859) was an American abolitionist leader. First reaching national prominence for his radical abolitionism and fighting in Bleeding Kansas, he was eventually captured and executed for a failed incitement of a slave rebellion at Harpers Ferry preceding the American Civil War. An evangelical Christian of strong religious convictions, Brown was profoundly influenced by the Puritan faith of his upbringing.[1][2][3] He believed that he was "an instrument of God",[4]: 248  raised up to strike the "death blow" to American slavery, a "sacred obligation".[3][4]: 189 [5][6] Brown was the leading exponent of violence in the American abolitionist movement,[7]: 426  believing it was necessary to end American slavery after decades of peaceful efforts had failed.[4][5][8] Brown said repeatedly that in working to free the enslaved, he was following Christian ethics, including the Golden Rule,[9][10] as well as the U.S. Declaration of Independence, which states that "all men are created equal".[11][12][13][14]: 721 [15] He stated repeatedly that in his view, these two principles "meant the same thing".[16][17][18] Events leading to the American Civil War Economic End of Atlantic slave trade Panic of 1857 Political Northwest Ordinance Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Gag rule Tariff of 1828 End of slavery in British colonies Texas Revolution Texas annexation Mexican–American War Wilmot Proviso Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 Kansas–Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto Caning of Charles Sumner Lincoln–Douglas debates 1860 presidential election Crittenden Compromise Secession of Southern states Peace Conference of 1861 Corwin Amendment Social Nat Turner's slave rebellion Martyrdom of Elijah Lovejoy Burning of Pennsylvania Hall American Slavery As It Is Uncle Tom's Cabin Bleeding Kansas The Impending Crisis of the South Oberlin–Wellington Rescue John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Judicial Trial of Reuben Crandall Commonwealth v. Aves The Amistad affair Prigg v. Pennsylvania Recapture of Anthony Burns Dred Scott v. Sandford Virginia v. John Brown Military Star of the West Battle of Fort Sumter President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers vte Brown first gained national attention when he led anti-slavery volunteers and his own sons during the Bleeding Kansas Crisis of the late 1850s, a state-level civil war over whether Kansas would enter the Union as a slave state or a free state. He was dissatisfied with abolitionist pacifism, saying of pacifists, "These men are all talk. What we need is action – action!". In May 1856, Brown and his sons killed five supporters of slavery in the Pottawatomie massacre, a response to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces. Brown then commanded anti-slavery forces at the Battle of Black Jack and the Battle of Osawatomie. In October 1859, Brown led a raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (today West Virginia), intending to start a slave liberation movement that would spread south; he had prepared a Provisional Constitution for the revised, slavery-free United States that he hoped to bring about. He seized the armory, but seven people were killed, and ten or more were injured. Brown intended to arm slaves with weapons from the armory, but only a few slaves joined his revolt. Those of Brown's men who had not fled were killed or captured by local militia and U.S. Marines, the latter led by Robert E. Lee. Brown was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five men, and inciting a slave insurrection. He was found guilty of all charges and was hanged on December 2, 1859, the first person executed for treason in the history of the United States.[19][20]: 179  The Harpers Ferry raid and Brown's trial, both covered extensively in national newspapers, escalated tensions that led, a year later, to the South's long-threatened secession and the American Civil War. Southerners feared that others would soon follow in Brown's footsteps, encouraging and arming slave rebellions. He was a hero and icon in the North. Union soldiers marched to the new song "John Brown's Body", that portrayed him as a heroic martyr. Brown has been variously described as a heroic martyr and visionary, and as a madman and terrorist.[21][13][22]